The triplanar movements of the foot are as follows, transverse plane adduction/abduction, frontal plane inversion/eversion, and sagittal plane dorsiflexion/plantarflexion. These movements can further compound into the positions of supination/pronation. [1]
Transverse Motion
Transverse motions occur primarily in the subtalar joint and approximately at a 1:1 ratio with frontal plane motion.
Adduction is movement of the forefoot or part of the foot medially. ROM, up to 6 degrees. [2]
Abduction is movement of the forefoot or part of the foot laterally. ROM, up to 5 degrees. [3]
Frontal Motion
Frontal motions occur primarily in the subtalar joint and approximately at a 1:1 ratio with transverse plane motion.
Inversion is movement of the plantar surface medially. ROM, up to 35 degrees. [4]
Eversion is movement of the plantar surface laterally. ROM, up to 25 degrees. [5]
Sagittal Motion
Sagittal motions occur primarily in the talocrural joint.
Dorsiflexion (extension) is movement of the foot upwards, towards the tibia. ROM, up to 18 degrees. [6]
Plantarflexion (true flexion) is movement of the foot downwards, away from the tibia. ROM, up to 40 degrees. [7]
References
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134619
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134619
- ↑ http://osteoarthritis.about.com/od/osteoarthritisdiagnosis/a/range_of_motion.htm
- ↑ http://osteoarthritis.about.com/od/osteoarthritisdiagnosis/a/range_of_motion.htm
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsiflexion
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantarflexion